Substitution ciphers represent one of the most fundamental categories of encryption techniques in cryptography. By substituting one element (like a letter) for another, these ciphers transform plaintext into ciphertext, making the content unintelligible to unauthorized viewers...

A cryptographic cipher is an algorithm that transforms plain text into encrypted or cipher text. It protects data and communications from unauthorized access and ensures the data's confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity. In a cryptographic cipher, the plain text is trans...