Lubricant oil is a liquid which is used to reduce friction between two surfaces. It is mainly found in automobiles, although it is also used in other machinery. In addition to its lubricating properties, it also serves as a sealing agent. This can be beneficial for several other purposes, including heat transfer and corrosion prevention.
Lubricating oils are commonly produced through a chemical process that includes a solvent. These solvents are typically derived from petroleum. They have a high capacity for dissolving hydrocarbons, and they can also be used to remove aromatic components from lubricating oils.
Chemically, lubricant oil is composed of long, polymer chains. The chain length of the molecule is determined by its viscosity. Oils with lower viscosity have thinner molecules and are less dense. Moreover, they flow better in cold temperatures. However, in hot and humid environments, their molecules unravel. To prevent this, a thickening agent is usually added. A thickening agent is typically a soap or a clay mineral.
Most lubricating oils have several different hydrocarbon species. These include sulphur, paraffins, naphthene, and carbonyls. While these types of materials are common, there are many other constituents that may be present in smaller amounts.
The oxidation rate of lubricant is affected by both the number of additives, as well as the liquid contaminants. Liquid contaminants, like water and unburnt fuel, decrease the viscosity of the lubricant. Because of this, a lubricant's heat transfer capacity is weakened. Another problem is the presence of acids. Especially in lubricating oils, sulphur compounds are highly reactive. Their reaction with oxygen causes the formation of soluble by-products, which can be dissolved by water.
When used lubricant is spilled into the environment, it can be a hazardous material. This contaminant can be released into soil and groundwater. Some lubricating oils are hazardous to humans and animals because of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are part of them. There are a few forensic chemistry techniques that can be used to identify spilled petroleum in the environment.
The development of lubricating oils involves the use of crude oil, base stocks, full formulations, and a few different additives. Depending on the application, the quantity of these additives can vary. Internal contamination in engines, such as rust, wear, and sealing products, can cause the oil to deteriorate. Therefore, it is important to ensure that there is adequate oil supply. Often, engine oils are formulated with additives to combat acidity and corrosion.
Lubricant oil contains a high percentage of aromatics may shorten their lifespan. Fortunately, there are synthetic paraffinic hydrocarbons which are increasingly used in high-performance lubricants. Although they are a bit more expensive, they are advantageous for situations in which mineral or vegetable oils would be unsuitable.
Although engine oil is essential for lubrication and cooling, it can also be harmful in some hydraulic applications. Engine oils have a low concentration of normal alkanes. Thus, they may be incompatible with some types of hydraulic systems.
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