Meningitis is a severe condition that is characterized by swelling of the meninges - the protective membranes that protect the spinal cord and brain. The inflammation could be caused by diverse pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. This blog will help us comprehend meningitis, its causes and symptoms, as well for effective treatment strategies.
What is Meningitis?
The meninges are comprised of three layers comprising the dura mater pia mater. These layers shield the spinal cord and brain by forming a barrier to infections, and also by sustaining cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the central nervous system.
Meningitis is the term used to describe the irritation of meninges. It disrupts the normal functioning of the spinal cord and brain that can cause severe and even life-threatening issues.
Causes of Meningitis
Meningitis is caused by various pathogens. Each of them can lead to distinct types that are affected. Let's examine:
Bacterial Meningitis Meningitis that is bacterial is the most serious form of meningitis. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. The most common bacteria that cause meningitis comprise streptococcus pneumoniae(SPP), meningitis neisseria, and Haemophilus Influenzae. Meningitis caused by bacteria is typically characterized by rapid decline. It is a chance of complication and death in the event of not being treated quickly.
The treatment for Bacterial Meningitis The need for immediate hospitalisation and the administration of intravenous antibiotics is essential. The selection of antibiotics is based on the specific bacteria that causes the disease. In certain instances corticosteroids can be prescribed to ease inflammation and avoid any further complications.
Viral Meningitis It is more frequent but usually less serious than bacterial meningitis Meningitis that is viral is generally due to enteroviruses. Other viruses, such as Mumps virus, herpes virus and HIV have been connected to meningitis that is caused by viruses.
Therapy for Viral Meningitis The form of meningitis typically heals naturally through supportive treatment, including rest fluids, fluids, as well as pain relief medications. In certain instances prescriptions for antiviral medication are made for certain kinds virus infections including herpes simplex virus.
Fungal Meningitis generally being a problem for people with weak immune systems, it is a rare kind of meningitis. Cryptococcus is a well-known fungal pathogen that causes meningitis especially in those with AIDS.
Treatment for Treatment for Fungal Meningitis The antifungal drugs are prescribed in treating fungal meningitis. As this form meningitis is more common than viral or bacterial meningitis. It may need a prolonged stay in hospital.
Parasitic Meningitis Although it is a rare condition parasitic infections can result in meningitis. The most widely-known and well-known parasites responsible for meningitis is the naegleria fowleri which is commonly known by the name of "brain-eating amoeba."
Therapy for Meningitis Parasitic Antiparasitic medicines are typically the recommended treatment. However, the results can differ based on the parasite and as well as the level of the infection at the point when treatment starts.
Non-infectious Meningitis The condition could be the result of existing conditions like cancer, lupus, treatments, or brain injuries. Although it's not triggered due to an infectious condition, this kind of meningitis can cause meningitis.
Treatment: The main goal involves treating the root disease that is causing the inflammation.
Meningitis Disease Symptoms
Based on the health of the patient as well as the underlying cause Meningitis symptoms and illness can differ. But for this blog, we've listed the top symptoms below:
Severe headache is often described as the most painful headache in one's life
- Skin rash, especially when meningococcal septicemia is present.
- Stiff neck - Resulting from the rigidity and pain
- Mental state or confusion
- High fever (rapid start)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Photophobia
- Seizures
For infants, signs and symptoms could include:
- Irritability
- Poor feeding
- A large fontanel (soft area on head)
- Abnormal reflex response
Meningitis Related Diseases
Meningitis disease is a common symptom or causes with a number of other illnesses and conditions including:
- Encephalitis The inflammation of the brain, usually resulted from viral illnesses. The symptoms can be similar to meningitis.
- Sepsis Sepsis is a serious infection that can cause massive inflamation and failure of organs. Meningitis caused by bacteria is also well-known to cause sepsis.
- Tuberculosis (TB): TB meningitis is a type of meningitis caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. It requires a long-term treatment and is more frequent in areas of the highest TB prevalence.
Prevention and Vaccination
Meningitis prevention requires a variety of strategies that include vaccination, good hygiene practices and timely treatment of the underlying issues. Important vaccines that guard against specific types of meningitis caused by bacteria comprise:
- Haemophilus influenzae Type B (Hib) vaccination protects against Hib-related bacteria Hib vaccine is given in three doses within the very first year after birth between the ages of 6,10 and 14 weeks. A booster dose is administered between the age of 16-18 months.
- Pneumococcal vaccine: Protects against streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal vaccine is given in four phases: the first one at the age of 2 months and the next at the age of 4 months and 6 months and 12-15 months.
- Meningococcal vaccination is a defense against the meningitis virus, neisseria. It is the Meningococcal vaccine is required to be administered between 11-12 years.
Proper hygiene practices including regular hand washing, and avoiding contact with sick people are essential precautions. They will significantly reduce the chance of contracting viral meningitis. It is also recommended to maintain an overall healthy immune system by following eating a balanced diet, consistent exercising, and sufficient sleep.
Complications of Meningitis Disease
Meningitis can cause severe complications, especially if treated immediately. The complications could include:
- Hydrocephalus (accumulation of fluid within the brain, which could require surgery)
- Subdural effusion (Collection of fluid between the brain and its outer cover)
- A cognitive impairment (problems related to memory, understanding, or concentration)
- Hearing loss (most common complication)
- Persistent or recurrent seizures
If you or someone close to you suffers from any of the signs described in this article Seek medical attention as soon as you notice any of the symptoms mentioned in this blog. The early intervention could help save lives and improve outcomes.
If you're interested in learning more about meningitis Contact the team at Plexus now.
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