Scapula Width Index:
higher score Indicates greater relative size of surface area for attachment of muscles involved in stabilizing the shoulder joint during arm movements (supraspinatus,infraspinatus, subscapularis).
P.Leo : 71%
P.Concolor : 64%
Edge : P.Leo
Scapula Length Index:
Scapula length divided by Forelimb length. Higher score Indicates greater speed of movement via relative proportions of components of the proximal forelimb as well as exertion of greater force from the forelimb.
P.Leo : 33%
P.Concolor : 30%
Edge: P.Leo
Supraspinous Index :
supraspinous fossa / scapula length. Higher score Indicates greater supraspinatus muscle attachement. This muscle helps to resist the gravitational forces which act on the shoulder joint to pull from the weight of the upper limb downward and to stabilize the shoulder joint by keeping the head of the humerus firmly pressed medially against the glenoid fossa of the scapula resulting in exertion of greater force from the forelimb.
P.Leo( open square) : exact value unknown
P.Concolor(em dash) : exact value unknown
Edge : P.Concolor
Deltoid Index :
Deltoid crest length divided by humerus articular length. Higher score Displays greater mechanical advantage of deltoid muscles at the shoulder joint and provides a larger inlever and thus greater inforce.
P.Leo : exact value unknown
P.Concolor : exact value unknown
Edge : P.Leo
HRI:
It is humerus mediolateral diameter at mid-shaft/humerus length. Robust forelimb bones protect the animal from violent stresses during grappling.
P.Leo : 8%
P.Concolor : 8%
Edge : Draw
HRI2:
It is humerus anteroposterior diameter at mid-shaft/humerus length. Robust forelimb bones protect the animal from violent stresses during grappling.
P.Leo : 12%
P.Concolor : 11%
Edge : P.Leo
HCSI:
Cross-Section/divided by Length of humerus. A higher score determines a greater Humeral robusticity.
P.Leo : exact value unknown
P.Concolor : exact value unknown
Edge : Draw
HCMI:
Often-used variable in analyses of bone strengths in locomotion. The higher the ratio is, the thicker the Humeral bone is.
P.Leo : 32%
P.Concolor : 29%
Edge : P.Leo
HEI:
The HEI index measures the relative size of wrist stabilizing muscles and well as several grasping muscles in area which facilitate prey grasping. These muscles also likely helps stability, pushing, and agility when legs are on ground.
P.Leo : 26%
P.Concolor : 24%
Edge : P.Leo
HDWI:
It is Humeral distal width/length ratio, correlated with resistance to stresses at the elbow joint. A higher ratio also increases muscle attachement.
P.Leo : 26%
P.Concolor : 24%
Edge : P.Leo
PC2:
Scoring intermediate or low on PC2 are carnivorans that use their forelimbs to subdue,manipulate or excavate food items.Carnivorans scoring low on PC2, i.e.grapplers like felids, have relatively shallow trochlear furrows and relatively large and distally projecting medial trochlear flanges.These features provide extra stability against forces acting in a nonparasagittal plane.
P.Leo : -0,531
P.Concolor : 1,633
Edge : P.Leo
HCI:
This is a measure of the humerus joint surface size near elbow. Higher PC1 indicate greater forearm mobility and stability during grappling and also likely when feet are on ground during a struggle and the ability to distribute heavier loads.
P.Leo(n°20) : exact value unknown
P.Concolor(n°30) : exact value unknown
Edge : P.Leo
HAA:
This is another measure of area of where humerus terminates in elbow. Higher PC1 scores are associated with better grappling and distributing heavier loads.
P.Leo(n°20) : exact value unknown
P.Concolor(n°30) : exact value unknown
Edge : P.Leo
Forelimb Proportion Index:
Length of proximal forelimb relative to length of distal forelimb ((Scapula length +Humerus length)/(Radius length + Metacarpal length)). Higher score Indicates greater degree of
morphological specialization for producing large out-forces in the forelimb.
P.Leo : 141%
P.Concolor : 141%
Edge : Draw
Brachial Index:
This measures radius length/humerus length. Lower scores in this ratio indicate greater forelimb muscle mechanical advantage and results in stronger muscles all else being equal.
P.Leo : exact value unknown
P.Concolor : exact value unknown
Edge : P.Concolor
OI :
This metrics estimates tricep muscle strength. High values indicate greater ability to push with arms all else being equal. This helps a grappling cat hold prey and also helps a canid push and knock down an opponent. In addition, higher values may indicate greater stability and ability to change direction in a fight as well as greater relative mechanical advantage of the triceps brachii and dorsoepitrochlearis muscles used in elbow extension.
P.Leo : 22%
P.Concolor : 21%
Edge : P.Leo
URI:
This measures ulna anteroposterior diameter at midshaft divided by ulna length. As mentioned above for humerus robusticity, a robust ulna resists stresses on bones during fights and increases resistance to bites to the forelimb.
P.Leo : 9%
P.Concolor : 8%
Edge : P.Leo
RRI:
This measures radius mediolateral diameter at midshaft divided by radius length. As mentioned above for humerus robusticity, a robust radius resists stresses on bones during fights and increases resistance to bites to the forelimb.
P.Leo : 9%
P.Concolor : 9%
Edge : Draw
RRI2:
This measures radius anteroposterior diameter at midshaft divided by radius length. As mentioned above for humerus robusticity, a robust radius resists stresses on bones during fights and increases resistance to bites to the forelimb.
P.Leo : 6%
P.Concolor : 6%
Edge : Draw
RAA:
This is another measure of radius where it terminates at wrist. Higher ratios help to reinforce the forelimbs against the stresses encountered by large, struggling prey and to distribute heavier loads.
P.Leo(n°20) : exact value unknown
P.Concolor(n°30) : exact value unknown
Edge : P.Leo
RAI:
This is a measure of joint area where radius meets wrist joint. This may indicate larger forces are put on joints either through larger muscles, or external stresses which helps grappling or ability to fight with feet on ground (i.e. ability to quickly change directions, stability, etc.).
P.Leo(n°20) : exact value unknown
P.Concolor(n°30) : exact value unknown
Edge : P.Leo
PAW:
This is a measurement of paw width on forelimbs and gives us an idea of how well-paws are designed to hold prey. In addition, relatively wider paws likely increase stability while feet are on ground.
P.Leo : exact value unknown
P.Concolor : exact value unknown
Edge : P.Leo
MC3RI:
This measures the robusticity of metacarpal 3 or longest finger/digit. More negative PC1 scores may assist with grappling or stresses exerted with feet on ground during a fight.
P.Leo(n°20) : exact value unknown
P.Concolor(n°30) : exact value unknown
Edge : P.Concolor
MC3AA:
This is a measure of size of metacarpal at joints of finger. Higher PC1 Scores help stabilize the metacarpals against stresses from prey and climbing.
P.Leo(n°20) : exact value unknown
P.Concolor(n°30) : exact value unknown
Edge : P.Leo
Studies Used For The Above Comparison :
https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi%253A10.5061%252Fdryad.h58q6
https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/48480
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298056854_Sexual_selection_on_skeletal_shape_in_Carnivora
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7531697_Body_size_ofSmilodon_Mammalia_Felidae
If a Lion and Puma were to fight each other, the Lion would obviously beat its much smaller American Cousin but it seems that even at size parity, the Lion is still stronger since most ratios show it owns overall relatively stronger, more muscularly built shoulders and more robust forelimbs as well as wider paws. Additionally, the Lion has a proportionally stronger back since it has greater relative height of the thoracolumbar centra (section B),Wider thoracic processes (section D) ,a shorter length of the lumbar vertebral column (44,3% vs 46,1%),wider lumbar processes with larger endplates and more ventro-cranially oriented and less cranially oriented lumbar processes (Negative PC1 and PC2 scores) as well as longer neutral spines of the thoracic vertebrae(section C), whereas the Puma has simply longer neural spines of the lumbar vertebrae (positive PC2 score)as shown in these graphs :
https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/116/3/721/2440504
This is further supported by this book stating that Panthera Cats, including Lions, have stouter backs than non Pantherine Cats such as Cougars :
https://www.abebooks.com/9780801884825/Cats-Africa-Behavior-Ecology-Conservation-0801884829/plp
We can conclude that The Lion has proportionally stronger shoulders, forelimbs and a more powerfully built back and all these features would enable it to outgrapple and defeat a hypothetical Mountain Lion of equal size !