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<h4 class="modal-title">TIMELINE 1957-75</h4>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>French Control is Removed</strong>.<br />
France controled a region in Southeast Asia known as French Indochina, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. After WW2, the Viet Minh, lead by Ho Chi Minh, defeated French Forces.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>The Division of Vietnam</strong><br />
In May 1954 in Geneva, Vietnam was partitioned. The North is controlled by Communists and the South by non-Communists. The agreement stated free elections would be held to reunite the country.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Rigged Elections</strong><br />
In 1956, South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem, refused to allow free elections. The United States supported his decision through aid to the anti-Communist Saigon government. The Republic of Vietnam is declared following a rigged election organised by the United States.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>South Vietnamese resistance developed</strong><br />
In 1957, South Vietnamese Communists, the Viet Cong, rebelled against Diem’s government. North Vietnam publicly supported this resistance and provided the rebels with weapons. The United States responded by sending military advisors to assist South Vietnam to crush Communist attacks.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Diem’s Government is overthrown</strong><br />
In November 1960, Diem’s government repelled a military coup. Diem responded by suppressing religious & political enemies. In May 1963, Buddhist monks protested South Vietnam government actions by setting themselves on fire. In November 1963, South Vietnamese General Duong Van Minh overthrew Diem’s government with U.S. knowledge & CIA assistance. Diem was murdered.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Gulf of Tonkin Resolution</strong><br />
In August 1964, U.S. Navy destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy were sent by President Lyndon Johnson to patrol the Gulf of Tonkin. Both destroyers supposedly detected radar blips so they opened fire. President Johnson responded by ordering air strikes against North Vietnam in retaliation. President Johnson called for the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave him the authority to “take all necessary measures” to thwart attacks against the United States and to prevent any further aggressions.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>U.S. Involvement in Vietnam: Operation Rolling Thunder</strong><br />
The first goal of U.S. Forces was to cut off supplies of the Viet Cong. U.S. planes bombed North Vietnam to destroy resources. In March 1965, U.S. combat troops arrived in Vietnam. By the end of 1965, American troop strength was nearly 200,000.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Unconventional Style of War</strong><br />
U.S. troops found the fighting difficult because there was no established battlefront. The Viet Cong used Guerrilla tactics against U.S. Soldiers. This style of warfare resulted in large numbers of civilian casualties. Civilians were killed & wounded in Viet Cong attacks and by U.S. troops who could not tell friends from enemies.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Anti-War Protests in the U.S</strong><br />
In 1967, the Anti-War & Anti- Draft protests become more organized and active. Previous reports that the U.S. was winning the war in Vietnam proved to be false. A country- wide peace movement developed. War protests turned violent, and at Kent State University protestors were shot dead by U.S. troops.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Tet Offensive</strong><br />
In 1968, the Viet Cong attacked major cities in South Vietnam including the U.S. embassy in Saigon during the Vietnamese New Year celebration. The Tet offensive led the United States to change its policy in Vietnam. Gradually the war effort was scaled back.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Election of 1968</strong><br />
Nixon was elected as president. He changed policy in the war to what he calls “Vietnamization” or to withdraw U.S. troops and turn the war over to the South Vietnamese.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>My Lai Massacre</strong><br />
On March 16, 1968, under the command of Lt. William Calley, troops of Charlie Company, 11th Brigade entered the village of My Lai with orders to “search and destroy”. The mission soon turned into the massacre of 300 unarmed civilians including women, children, and the elderly.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"> Word of the massacre did not reach the U.S. until 1969. Lt. Calley was tried and convicted for his role.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>U.S. Involvement in Vietnam comes to an end</strong><br />
In January 1973, a cease-fire was agreed. In March 1973, all U.S. ground troops were withdrawn from Vietnam. Within two years, North Vietnam captured the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon. The Vietnam war ended and Vietnam was unified under Communist rule.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Consequences of War</strong><br />
On July 2, 1976 the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is established. Saigon is renamed Ho Chi Minh City The United States goal of containment was a disaster. Total U.S. casualties have been estimated at 200,000.</p>
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