Biological Terms
1) Vascular Bundle : a longitudinal arrangement of strands of xylem and phloem, and sometimes cambium, that forms the fluid-conducting channels of vascular tissue in the rhizomes, stems, and leaf veins of vascular plants, the arrangement varying with the type of plant.
2) Cambium cell: A cambium (plural cambia or cambiums), in plants, is a tissue layer that provides partially undifferentiated cells for plant growth. It is found in the area between xylem and phloem.
3) Osmosis: a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
4) Root Pressure: Root pressure is a force or the hydrostatic pressure generated in the roots that help in driving the fluids and other ions from the soil in upwards directions into the plant’s vascular tissue – Xylem. This process is produced by osmotic pressure in the cells of the root.
5) Cardiac muscle: Cardiac muscle (or myocardium) makes up the thick middle layer of the heart. The myocardium is surrounded by a thin outer layer called the epicardium (AKA visceral pericardium) and an inner endocardium.
6) Vein: any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen-depleted blood towards the heart.
7) Artery: The arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.
8) Atrium: each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the veins of the body, the left atrium oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein.
9) Ventricle: A chamber of the heart that receives blood from one or more atria and pumps it by muscular contraction into the arteries.
10) Pulmonary Artery: the artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
11) Pulmonary Vein: Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart.
12) right atrium : one of the four chambers of the heart. The right atrium receives blood low in oxygen from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle.
13) Left atrium: one of the four chambers of the heart. The left atrium receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.
14) Tricuspid valve: The tricuspid valve is one of four valves in the heart. It's located between the right lower heart chamber (right ventricle) and the right upper heart chamber (right atrium). The tricuspid valve opens and closes to ensure that blood flows in the correct direction. It's also called the right atrioventricular valve.
15) Mitral valve: The mitral valve is located between the upper left heart chamber (left atrium) and the lower left heart chamber (left ventricle). A healthy mitral valve keeps your blood moving in the right direction.
16) Valve tendon: The AV (atrioventricular) valves are anchored to the wall of the ventricle by chordae tendineae (heartstrings), small tendons that prevent backflow by stopping the valve leaflets from inverting.
17) Capillary : Capillaries, the smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels, form the connection between the vessels that carry blood away from the heart (arteries) and the vessels that return blood to the heart (veins). The primary function of capillaries is the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells.
18) Vein valve: Valves in veins are bicuspid, meaning they have two flap-like structures that regulate blood flow. These flaps are made of elastic tissue. The valves’ main job is to keep the blood moving in one direction – back up towards the heart.
19) blood vessel: A tube through which the blood circulates in the body. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
20) Circulatory system: The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide.
21) Pulmonary Circulation: Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart. Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. It sends oxygenated blood out to cells and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
22) Liver: Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. … All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver. The liver processes this blood and breaks down, balances, and creates the nutrients and also metabolizes drugs into forms that are easier to use for the rest of the body or that are nontoxic. More than 500 vital functions have been identified with the liver.
23) Hepatic Portal Vein: A blood vessel that carries blood to the liver from the intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder.
24) Coronary Artery: Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. Like all other tissues in the body, the heart muscle needs oxygen-rich blood to function. Also, oxygen-depleted blood must be carried away. The coronary arteries wrap around the outside of the heart.
25) Cholesterol: Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in your blood. Your body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells, but high levels of cholesterol can increase your risk of heart disease. With high cholesterol, you can develop fatty deposits in your blood vessels.
26) Thrombosis: Thrombosis occurs when blood clots block veins or arteries. Symptoms include pain and swelling in one leg, chest pain, or numbness on one side of the body. Complications of thrombosis can be life-threatening, such as a stroke or heart attack.
27) Angina: Angina is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscles.
28) Heart Attack: A heart attack, also called a myocardial infarction, happens when a part of the heart muscle doesn’t get enough blood. The more time that passes without treatment to restore blood flow, the greater the damage to the heart muscle.
29) Transplant Surgery: Transplantation is a procedure that is done to replace one of your organs with a healthy one from someone else. The surgery is only one part of a complex, long-term process. Several experts will help you prepare for the procedure, and make sure you are comfortable before, during, and after surgery.
30) internal environment: The conditions that prevail within the body of an organism, particularly with respect to the composition of the tissue fluid.
31) Homeostasis: Homeostasis is the tendency to resist change in order to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment. Homeostasis typically involves negative feedback loops that counteract changes of various properties from their target values, known as set points.
32) Feedback mechanism: A feedback mechanism is a physiological regulation system in a living body that works to return the body to its normal internal state, or commonly known as homeostasis.
33) Control Centre: The central nervous system is the body's processing centre. The brain controls most of the functions of the body, including awareness, movement, thinking, speech, and the 5 senses of seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and smelling. The spinal cord is an extension of the brain.
34) Responding Organ: a part of Reflex Action.
A reflex action is an automatic (involuntary) and rapid response to a stimulus, which minimises any damage to the body from potentially harmful conditions, such as touching something hot. Reflex actions are therefore essential to the survival of many organisms.
35) Insulin: Insulin is a hormone that is responsible for allowing glucose in the blood to enter cells, providing them with the energy to function. A lack of effective insulin plays a key role in the development of diabetes.
// Insulin is a hormone created by your pancreas that controls the amount of glucose in your bloodstream at any given moment. It also helps store glucose in your liver, fat, and muscles. Finally, it regulates your body’s metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
36) Glucagon: Glucagon is a hormone. It works with your liver to turn a type of stored sugar called glycogen into glucose. Glucose goes from your liver into your blood to give you energy.
37) Osmoregulation: Osmoregulation refers to the regulation of body fluid solute concentrations.
38) Tissue Fluid: The medium in which cells are submerged is called tissue fluid. It is sometimes called interstitial fluid and forms 20% of ECF or extracellular fluid.
39) Kidney: The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs on either side of your spine, below your ribs and behind your belly. The kidneys' job is to filter your blood. They remove wastes, control the body's fluid balance, and keep the right levels of electrolytes. All of the blood in your body passes through them about 40 times a day.
Lungs: The lungs are the center of the respiratory (breathing) system. Every cell of the body needs oxygen to stay alive and healthy. Your body also needs to get rid of carbon dioxide. This gas is a waste product that is made by the cells during their normal, everyday functions. Your lungs are specially designed to exchange these gases every time you breathe in and out.
Pancreas: During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches. Your pancreas also helps your digestive system by making hormones. These are chemical messengers that travel through your blood. Pancreatic hormones help regulate your blood sugar levels and appetite, stimulate stomach acids, and tell your stomach when to empty.
40) Glycogen: Glycogen is the body's stored form of glucose, which is sugar.
In animals and humans, glycogen is found mainly in muscle and liver cells.
Glycogen is synthesized from glucose when blood glucose levels are high, and serves as a ready source of glucose for tissues throughout the body when blood glucose levels decline.
41) Sebaceous gland: sebaceous gland, small oil-producing gland present in the skin of mammals. Sebaceous glands are usually attached to hair follicles and release a fatty substance, sebum, into the follicular duct and thence to the surface of the skin. The glands are distributed over the entire body with the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet; they are most abundant on the scalp and face.
42) Hair root: The hair root is in the skin and extends down to the deeper layers of the skin. It is surrounded by the hair follicle (a sheath of skin and connective tissue), which is also connected to a sebaceous gland. Each hair follicle is attached to a tiny muscle (arrector pili) that can make the hair stand up.
43) Hair follicle: A hair follicle is a tube-like structure (pore) that surrounds the root and strand of a hair. Hair follicles exist in the top two layers of your skin.
44) Sweat gland: Sweat glands are coiled tubular structures vital for regulating human body temperature. Humans have three different types of sweat glands: eccrine, apocrine, and apoeccrine.
45) Fat and oil: One difference between fats and oils is that at room temperature fats are solid whereas oils are liquid. Fats and oils are both made of one part called glycerol attached to three other parts called fatty acids. Glycerol is a thick liquid with many industrial uses. The fatty acids can vary and this makes the different kinds of fats and oils.
46) Thermoregulatory Centre: A section of the brain called the hypothalamus controls thermoregulation. It issues instructions to muscles, organs, glands, and nervous system when it senses the core internal temperature is becoming too low or too high.
47) Melanin: Melanin is a substance in your body that produces hair, eye and skin pigmentation. The more melanin you produce, the darker your eyes, hair and skin will be. The amount of melanin in your body depends on a few different factors, including genetics and how much sun exposure your ancestral population had.
48) Vaccination: treatment with a vaccine to produce immunity against a disease; inoculation.
49) Immune: protected against a particular disease or illness by particular substances in the blood,
50) Oxyhemoglobin: The oxygen-loaded form of hemoglobin, the predominant protein in red blood cells. Hemoglobin is a protein molecule that binds to oxygen.
51) Antibody: Antibodies are protective proteins produced by your immune system. They attach to antigens (foreign substances) — such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and toxins — and remove them from your body.
52) Bone marrow: The soft, spongy tissue that has many blood vessels and is found in the center of most bones. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red bone marrow contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Yellow bone marrow is made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells.
53) Vasoconstriction: Vasoconstriction is the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls. When blood vessels constrict, blood flow is slowed or blocked. Vasoconstriction may be slight or severe. It may result from disease, drugs, or psychological conditions.
54) Conduction is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules.
Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
Convection is the process of heat transfer by the bulk movement of molecules within fluids such as gases and liquids.
Vaporization: conversion of a substance from the liquid or solid phase into the gaseous (vapour) phase.
55) Dilation: the state of being larger or more open than usual,
56) Dermis: The inner layer of the two main layers of the skin. The dermis has connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures. It is made up of a thin upper layer called the papillary dermis, and a thick lower layer called the reticular dermis.
57) Epidermis: Your epidermis is the outermost layer of skin on your body. It protects your body from harm, keeps your body hydrated, produces new skin cells and contains melanin, which determines the color of your skin.
58) Endodermis: a layer of cells in a plant's root that is the inside part of the cortex (= the part under the exodermis and outer layer):
59) Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels as a result of the relaxation of the blood vessel's muscular walls. Vasodilation is a mechanism to enhance blood flow to areas of the body that are lacking oxygen and/or nutrients.
60) Facial hair is hair grown on the face, usually on the chin, cheeks, and upper lip region. It is typically a secondary sex characteristic of human males.
61) Thyroid Gland: Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck, just above your collarbone. It is one of your endocrine glands, which make hormones.
62) Hibernation: An inactive state resembling deep sleep in which certain animals living in cold climates pass the winter. In hibernation, the body temperature is lowered and breathing and heart rates slow down. Hibernation protects the animal from cold and reduces the need for food during the season when food is scarce.
