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STUDY:  "Sun provides the underlying energy to drive weather and climate".

 

Most Snow-covered November in all of North America in at least 50 years

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Termination of Solar Cycles and Correlated Tropospheric Variability (Dec, 2018, JGR-Space Physics)

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Key Points:
•A solar cycle’s fiducial clock does not run from the canonical min or max, instead resetting when old cycle flux is gone.

•Many cycles indicate that ENSO is related to the phase of this clock, through driven changes in the cosmic ray flux.

•Cycle 24 is projected to end in 2020. We anticipate a strong El Ni ̃no in 2019, and a strong La Ni ̃na in 2020. If so, cosmic rays would appear to have greater influence on ENSO than solar irradiance.

Establishing a solid, physical, link between solar and tropospheric variability across timescales has posed a considerable challenge, despite the broad acknowledgment that the Sun provides the underlying energy to drive weather and climate (Gray et al., 2010).

As it stands, solar connections to decadal-scale massive shifts in terrestrial weather patterns, like those of the North Atlantic Oscillation [NAO; Hurrell (1995)], or the El Ni ̃no Southern Oscillation [ENSO; Trenberth (1997); Meehl, Arblaster, Matthes, Sassi, and van Loon (2009)] are little more than anecdotal. ENSO is the combination of three related climatological phenomena, El Ni ̃no, La Ni ̃na and the large-scale seesaw exchange of sea level air pressure between areas of the western and southeastern Pacific Ocean (van Loon & Meehl, 2014).

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1812.02692.pdf